International Marketing Management free essay sample

According to Alexandrides Bowers 1988 have identified two strategic policies categories among counter-trading firms: Company advantage policy; where the objective is to achieve short-term sales. Mutual advantage policy; where the primary focus is on the needs of customers and, in particular, and the developmental goals of the host country.? Within the categories identified, four variants describe the approach of firms to counter-trade: Defensive Companies with a defensive counter-trade strategy do not counter-trade at all instead they make many counter-trade type arrangements with buyer countries. These companies will avoid any contractual counter-trade requirements, but they make it clear to the country that they will respond in some way for the sale. Passive Companies with passive counter-trade strategies regard counter-trade as a necessary evil. They participate in counter-trade at ad hoc basis, on minimal level. Some companies operate this way because they have product influence, while others follow the passive strategy because of disinterest in counter-trade. We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reactive Companies with proactive strategies have made a commitment to counter-trade. They use counter-trade aggressively as a marketing tool, and are interested in making trading an active and profitable part of their business. They regard offset and counter-purchase as an opportunity to make money through trading. Proactive companies participate in all kinds of counter-trade, including global sourcing, releasing of blocked funds, trade development, and trade financing. They often have in-house world trading companies, and will sometimes liquidate counter-trade obligations for other companies. As suggested by the specialist, companies should have a proactive well defined strategy instead of a reactive one. Examples of companies with proactive counter-trade strategies include Caterpillar, Monsanto, General Foods, Goodyear, Rockwell, General Electric, FMC, 3M, General Motors, Ford, Coca-Cola, United Technologies, and Pepsi-Cola. APPROACHES TO PRICING Pricing is a very complex topic to be discussed, few theorist try to attempt a common sense when coming into price however there is not a particular way that we can look at in order to decide on price. Factors such as accounting approach, marketing approach as well as economist approaches are a combination of different points of view deciding on pricing. Price on the other hand can also be considered as a communication tool, where organisations decide on how much to charge for a particular product they then build an image of the brand and the company itself, and this will also decide on the target market as well as the customers they acquire. e. g. : luxury brands. Firms that have a price quality relationship, when small firms must not concentrate on price. Although pricing is an important factor and also influences the behaviour of customers and buyer behaviour, it appears to be an irrelevant tool for some organisations; for Shipley 1981 as a competitive marketing strategy price is an extremely important factor for companies to succeed. Is important to stress that cultural differences have an impact on the way people do business and negotiate; Different cultures may have different expectations as to what should occur during the middle phase of negotiations, and how much time this phase should take. Low context cultures such as the U. S. expect that the middle phase will be a period of bargaining, a process of trade-offs and concessions in which the parties gradually converge on a shared position. Many high context cultures see such a process of haggling as appropriate to price negotiations, but inappropriate to matters of principle. High status individuals do not lower themselves to haggle over small points. Poly-chronic cultures are usually willing to draw out the middle phase. Mono-chronic cultures are usually in more of a hurry to reach an agreement. In order to have a proper training development at International level is evident that staff should be aware of overseas transactions as well as the inside of the organisation, or in other words the International mentality where concepts of exporting, importing and establishing cultural awareness as an overall strategy for the company. As part of the training we can first consider that staff must have the three main key elements within itself: Supervision, discipline and self-determination. Using expatriation and repatriation is also important and relevant for employees to be aware.

Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr. Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr. Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr. By Maeve Maddox Several years ago, when a reader said he refused to use â€Å"Dear So-and-So† to begin a business letter because dear is too intimate a word to use with a stranger, I assumed that he represented a minority of one. Who, I wondered, would interpret an established convention like â€Å"Dear Sir† literally? Little did I know! I’ve recently stumbled across numerous articles with titles like â€Å"Is ‘Dear’ Dead as a Salutation?† I was amazed to find comments like these: From an English professor Rarely would anyone use dear when writing a friend, but it might be appropriate when applying for a job or emailing a boss. From a teacher Several men admitted they couldn’t force themselves to use Dear to address a business acquaintance, especially one they didn’t like. From a business consultant Dear comes across as too formal–or simply plain creepy and overly intimate.  And between men, the use of it can appear a bit too effeminate. I was surprised to learn that â€Å"rarely would anyone use dear when writing a friend.† When I lived in England, I wrote a lot of letters: to my parents, my brother, grandmothers, my aunts, and friends. Every one of those letters began with â€Å"Dear So-and-So.† Mind you, they were also written by hand with a fountain pen. Even now, on the few occasions that I write a letter to a friend with the intention of putting it in an envelope and mailing it, I still begin with â€Å"Dear.† It’s a convention. It’s courteous. It’s respectful. Just as bizarre as saying that one rarely begins a letter to a friend with Dear is the idea that using Dear to address a business acquaintance is a source of stress in grown men. Certainly, email has changed the way people communicate in writing. Because of its memo format and ease of sending, email has developed relaxed conventions for informal exchanges between friends and colleagues. For this kind of writing, a formal salutation is out of place. But even with email, a distinction is to be drawn between informal and formal communication. â€Å"Hi, So-and-So† is not a suitable way to address an unknown recipient from whom you want something. â€Å"Hey, So-and-So† is worse. â€Å"Dear Mr. Jones† and â€Å"Dear Ms. Smith† are emotion-neutral writing conventions. What I find â€Å"simply plain creepy† is the notion that the salutation Dear can be construed as â€Å"intimate† or â€Å"effeminate† in the context of a business letter. As the professor says in The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, â€Å"Bless me, what do they teach them at these schools!† Related posts: ‘Dear Sir’ and Other Business Conventions Dear Sir Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsWriting Styles (with Examples)

2016 TOEIC Registration and Test Dates

2016 TOEIC Registration and Test Dates 2016 TOEIC Listening and Reading Registration Basics If youre ready to take the TOEIC Listening and Reading, (youve read the documents listed below, practiced and prepared) then you have to register before you can take this 2.5 hour exam. The TOEIC is your key to the future in many cases, so you better read up on these important TOEIC registration facts before you decide to take the plunge.   2016 TOEIC Registration Details You can complete your TOEIC registration online or by filling out a form and mailing it to: In the U.S.: TOEIC ® Services America, 1425 Lower Ferry Road, Ewing, NJ 08618 In Puerto Rico: ETS Puerto Rico Office 250 Muà ±oz Rivera Avenue, American International Plaza, Hato Rey, PR 00918 For the TOEIC Listening and Reading test, there is no walk-in or standby registration, so be sure to register on time so you dont miss your spot. The deadline to register for a public testing session is always on the Thursday one week before the test at, 5 p.m., Eastern Time. If, for example, youre interested in testing on December 10, 2016, then your registration deadline is on Thursday, December 1.   TOEIC Fees: If you take the TOEIC at a public testing center in the U.S., the price is $75 if youd like your scores sent somewhere within the US. If youd like your scores sent outside of the US, the price is $80. If the test is given by your company or organization, the price is set by them so contact your supervisor for pricing info. Fees vary for test-takers outside the U.S. Changed your mind? Dont want to take the TOEIC and want your money back? Refunds are not given if you cancel your test for any reason, unless the test is canceled by the administrators because of low enrollment. So decide ahead of time the best month to take your exam so you dont lose out on the cash because youve had a change of heart.   2016 TOIEC Listening and Reading Test Dates in the U.S. Taking the TOEIC outside of the United States? Youll need to contact your local ETS Preferred Network Office  to find your local administrations. US testers, here are your test dates: January 16, 2016February 13, 2016March 12, 2016April 9, 2016May 14, 2016June 11, 2016July 9, 2016August 13, 2016September 10, 2016October 8, 2016November 12, 2016December 10, 2016    TOEIC Test Centers: There are a few public TOEIC testing centers across the U.S., but not every state has one and many states only have one or two. In California, for example, there are fifteen testing centers, but New York only has three and Colorado only has one test center. Depending on where you live, you may be driving, or even flying, a while. Across the globe not every country has a public testing center, either, so if youd like to register for the TOEIC, but a center isnt located near you, you can request information from ETS to help you find a way to take the exam near you. Complete your TOEIC Registration Now Must Read Documents Before You Complete Your TOEIC Registration: TOEIC 101 Write a Great TOEIC EssayHow to Make an InferenceHow to Find the Main IdeaHow to Understand Vocabulary Words in Context

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 21

Economics - Essay Example The sellers have an ‘insignificant’ market share in a perfectly competitive market, implying that each firm is acting as a price-taker. In monopolistic competition, on the other hand, has as many producers and consumers as the perfect competition. Producers enjoy a degree of control over price. The products sold and purchased in a perfectly competitive market are homogeneous, which are perfect substitutes for each other. In contrast, the products sold in the monopolistically competitive market are heterogeneous. In other words, when a large number of buyers and sellers interact to buy and sell heterogeneous products we have monopolistic competition. Thus, a monopolistically competitive market differs with a perfectly competitive market mostly because of product differentiation, i.e. products are not perfect substitutes. Monopolistic competition involves many aspects of non-price competition. Marginal Revenue (MR) =Marginal Cost (MC) = Price (P) =Average Revenue (AR) = Average Cost (AC). In short run, new firms enter the market, in case the existing firms are making supernormal profits, thereby making reallocation of resources within the market. Given demand remains unchanged, the increased output (with new firms entering the market) shifts the aggregate supply curve to the right and drives the equilibrium market price down until price equates long run average cost. Thus, long run equilibrium is established as firms having no incentives now to move in or out of the market. Hence, in the long run firms make normal profits. In perfect competition ‘allocative efficiency’ is achieved, both in short run and long run, since price equates marginal cost. Production efficiency, occurring when price is equal to average cost at its minimum, is, however, achieved only in the long run. Combining the two, it can be said in the long run optimal levels of ‘static economic efficiency’ is reached in perfect competition. MR

Job satisfaction and its impact on employee intention to leave Research Paper

Job satisfaction and its impact on employee intention to leave - Research Paper Example The offering of competitive salaries would not only satisfy the employees, but it would also increase their commitment to their work, hence an increase in productivity. As the workload for the employees within the institution increases, so should their pay, because in the modern world, good payment packages are a huge motivator for keeping employees satisfied as well as dedicated to their jobs. If the institution for which people work does not offer them competitive salaries, then there is a high likelihood of them leaving for better paying jobs is quite high. In addition, another reason why employees would lose satisfaction in their jobs is the lack of independence to be innovative in their work. There are instances where the management of an institution chooses to dictate all the processes, which the employees should undertake in the workplace. The lack of consultation by the management to the employees ensures that the former does not know what the employees want and as a result, the latter end up not being satisfied with their work conditions. Employers should make sure that there is frequent consultation with the employees so that any issues from the latter can be addressed and settled. Furthermore, employees should be given the freedom to choose how best to work, as long as what they do is in the best interests of the institution. This will ensure that the employees have a high level of job satisfaction because they will be able to find innovative ways of doing their work without any fear of negative repercussions from the managemen t. The good relationship that would be built between the employers and the employees through constant consultations and innovative freedom to the latter would ensure that the working conditions within the institution are more than satisfactory. It can be concluded that job satisfaction does in fact influence the

Finding The Energy Given Off From Various Fuels Essay Example for Free

Finding The Energy Given Off From Various Fuels Essay Research Question: Which of these fuels (ethanol, methanol and butanol) releases the most kinetic energy per ringitt? Hypothesis: Ethanol will release the most kinetic energy per ringitt because it has an average amount of CH compounds ( Materials: Spirit burner with ethanol 3 aluminum cans Spirit burner with methanol Logger Pro Spirit burner with butanol Insulated container Matches Ring Stand Graduated Cylinder 150mL of water Procedure: 1. Pour 50mL of water into the first aluminum can 2. Place the can 7cm above the ground on the ring stand 3. Place the Logger Pro inside of the can 4. Light the spirit burner of the fuel under the can. 5. Close the container around the ring stand and the spirit burner 6. Stir the Water inside of the can constantly. 7. Record the temperature of the water for 3 minutes. 8. Repeat the steps for each type of fuel. 9. Find the number of kilojoules released by each of the fuels 10. Find the amount of kilojoules of each fuel when there is 1 liter of that fuel. 11. Divide the amount of kilojoules/litre by the cost/litre of each fuel. 12. Choose the fuel with the most kilojoules released per litre. Data Collection and Processing: Ethanol: Measuring the Mass of Ethanol Time Alcohol Container Was Burnt Mass of Alcohol Container (g) Before Burning 160.2 After Burning 158.9 Measuring Temp. of Ethanol Time Temp of Fuel (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Before Bunrning 24.6 After Burning 93.8 Methanol: Measuring the Mass of Methanol Time Alcohol Container Was Burnt Mass of Alcohol Container (g) Before Burning 191.4 After Burning 190.1 Measuring Temp. of Methanol Time Temp of Fuel (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Before Bunrning 25 After Burning 60.8 Butanol: Mass of Alcohol Container (g): Methanol: Ethanol: Butanol: Before burning 191.4 160.2 190.8 After burning 190.1 158.9 190.5 Temp of fuel C Methanol: Ethanol: Butanol: Before burning 25 24.6 23.8 After burning 60.8 93.8 44.8 Finding the Energy Released by The Fuels (Q = m x C x ?T) Step 1: Finding the ?T (change in temperature) ?T= ending temperature starting temperature Step 2: Finding the Heat Capacity of Water (C ) Heat capacity of water = 4.18 J/g Step 3: Find the mass of water Each can had 50mL of water 1mL = 1 g Each can had 50 g of water Energy released by Ethanol: Q= 50 x 4.18 x 69.2 Q= 14.5 kilojoules Energy Released by Methanol Q= 50 x 4.18 J/g x 35.8 Q= 7.5 kilojoules Energy Released by Butanol: Q= 50 x 4.18 J/g x 21 Q= 4.4 kilojoules Energy Released by ethanol per ringitt: Kilojoules/litre = 11153.8 Energy Released by Methanol per ringitt: Kilojoules/litre = 5769.2 Energy Released by Butanol per ringitt: Kilojoules/litre = 14666.7

Titanic - Story :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Titanic - Story Hello, my name is Richard Peterson, I am travelling first class, on the Titanic from Ireland, I am moving to New York because I want to make something out of my deep interest in motorcars. I am travelling with my Wife - Mary, Mum - Jean, and brother - John. On the evening of 11th April 1912 at about 11 O'clock I was having a cup of tea with my wife in our cabin when we felt a rather large shudder. We didn't think much of it at the time as we thought that is could have been anything. Room service knocked at my door requesting to take our rubbish, this was when we asked her what the shudder was. She said, "Don't worry, it was only the propeller hitting a small rock, we just stopped the engines to check that they are ok." About a quarter of an hour later a crew member came to our cabin and told us to get our life jackets of and to report up to top deck as soon as possible, this is when both my wife and I started to get a bit worried. As instructed we reported to top deck, but on the way up we were asked the man who made the ship what had happed. He said, "We only have 2 hour at the most, I'm afraid to admit, my ships going to sink." We knew we didn't have much time but enough to easily get on to a lifeboat. So we went back to our cabin and rushed down a cup of tea to stop us from dehydrating as we didn't know how long it would take for another boat to pick us up. Then we went to the restaurant as got some biscuits for us and the other people which would be on our life boat. With only having 1 hour to spare we rushed as quick as we could to the top deck, we looked everywhere but couldn't find a life boat, then when we got to the other side of the deck we found a lifeboat, we cued up for it, we waited about ten minutes until it got to us, then finally we were one of the last four people to get of the lifeboat, we were cramped up, there were forty people on our lifeboat. After about half an hour we were terrified, as we were watching the